Flagella

Flagella or Flagellum (Singular) are organelle of cells. These are thread-like structures which are present on the living cell surface. These are long whip-like tail structures which are present on both Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The count of flagella is not more than 10 in any type of cell and mostly only one or two flagella are present in the cells.

Stereocilia

Stereocilia are also organelle of cells, but typically of hair cells. This mechano-sensing organelle gives clear response to change in fluid pressure or fluid motion. Despite having 5mm, stereocilia are characterized by lack of motility. Being having mechano-sensing function, these are present in the inner ear, epididymis and ductus deferens.

Microvilli

The protrusions of cellular membrane in eukaryotic cells are called Microvilli. The role of Microvilli is to facilitate cellular adhesion, secretion, absorption and mechanco-transduction. These are non-motile organelle and present in the sensory organs like nose, mouth and ears.

Cilia

Cilia or Cilium (Singular) are the part of eukaryotic or animal cells which looks like fine hair like projections. Cilia could be motile or non-motile. Both mobile and immobile Cilia act as sensory organisms. Motile cilia play a role of sweeping dirt and mucus out of lungs and present along the trachea lining. On the other hand, non-motile cilia play a role of olfactory sensors and present in the nose of eyes.

Flagella vs Stereocilia vs Microvilli vs Cilia

No doubt, all Flagella, Stereocilia, Microvilli and Cilia are the organelle or parts of eukaryotic cells, but they are different from each other in terms of structure and function. Only stereocilia are similar to microvilli for many similarities in characteristics. However, their length and bundle arrangement differentiate them from mircovilli. Similarly, unlike cilia, stereocilia and microvilli are immobile. Moreover, both Flagella and cilia present in the Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells unlike stereocilia and microvilli which are only the part of eukaryotic cells.

Nuetral

The neutral conductor is that, which is connected to ground and having current in just normal operation. If we talk about single phase circuit, then it consists of three wires and one must be neutral which carries equal current as other two wires. However, in two wire circuit, the wire which is connected to ground instead of supply is called neutral.

Earthing

Earthing is done to reduce the chances of facing electric shock. In more elaborated form, this is the circuit in which the wire which does not carries current is connected to ground.

Grounding

Grounding is the alternative term of Neutral which simply means to connect live wire or the wire carrying current to the earth.

Bonding

Bonding is the technique of joining two wires or electric conductors together. The aim of bonding is to bring the two wires which are being joined at same electric potential. Being ay same potential, there are no chances of flowing current between bonded wires.

Neutral vs Earthing vs Grounding vs Bonding

Neutral or grounding are the two terms in electricity which are used in similar meanings. Here the meaning of grounding or neutral is providing low impedance path to the ground and ultimately saving the electric equipments and human beings to receive bad electric shocks. On the other hand, grounding is connecting live part to earth instead of Earthing which means connecting dead part to earth. However, this is no apparent difference and creates no difference between them. The people of US, use the term Grounding while the UK people use the term Earthing. However, the major difference is that the purpose of Grounding is to maintain voltage level in a circuit instead of Earthing which aims to protect the circuit element. Bonding is entirely different term which does not aim to protect the equipment or human being. It is just to join two electric conductors together to ensure equal potential in both of them.

CNS Neurons

CNS Neurons make the Central Nervous System which consists of two parts named as brain and spinal cord. Central nervous system is responsible for all daily activities of human body performed by all body organs. Central nervous system works by collecting all the information received from the brain and send this information about performing different tasks to different body parts or organs. The behavior of a living being is the reaction of orders executed by CNS and PNS collectively.

PNS Neurons

PNS Neuron makes the Peripheral Nervous System all other parts of the nervous system than a brain and spinal cord and these other parts are nerves and ganglia. The function of nerves is to connect the body organs with brain of living being to perform the action according to the instructions of the brain. There are further two types of the Peripheral Nervous System; The Somatic Nervous System and Automatic Nervous System.

CNS Neurons vs PNS Neurons

As clear from the name, CNS Neurons make the major part of the nervous system which is called central nervous system. No doubt, the major function of the nervous system is controlling overall activities, sensing power and thinking power of a person, but it is nothing without PNS neurons. PNS Neurons ensure the function of peripheral nervous system which connects the brain with body parts or organs so that these organs could take the order from the brain. The other major difference between CNS and PNS Nervous system is the parts involved in executing the functions of these different nervous systems. In case of CNS, brain and spinal cord are the main parts instead of PNS in which nerves (the connecting bodies) and ganglia are the main parts.

Alternating Current

Alternating Current or simply AC is the type of electricity in which electrons flow in a conductor in both directions. Alternating Current was invented by a scientist Nikola Tesla in the late 19th century. The best thing about AC is that it can be transferred over 1000’s of kilometers without any power loss. The frequency of the AC is different in various countries like 50 Hz or 60 Hz. Moreover, the magnitude of the current varies with respect to time. The source of generation of AC is AC generator and it is used in homes and industries by lowering the voltage with the help of transformers.

Direct Current

Direct Current or DC is the type of electricity in which electrons flows just in one direction. Direct Current was invented by Thomas Edison in the 19^th century. This is the form of electricity which is difficult to transfer over long distances due to power loss. Moreover, the frequency of DC is zero and it is generated by batteries and it is mostly used in wireless devices or gadgets. The magnitude of DC remains constant.

Alternating Current vs Direct Current

There are lots of differences between Alternating Current and Direct Current. AC is generated by generators with rotating magnets along the wire instead of DC, which is produced by batteries with steady magnetism along the wire. Moreover, it is economical and easy to transfer AC over long distance areas instead of DC which reduces its voltage during transfer over long distant areas. Furthermore, AC current changes its directions in a circuit instead of DC in which current cannot change or reverse its direction. DC is the current of constant magnitude in contrast to AC which is the current of varying magnitude. Similarly, the power factor of AC lies between 0 & 1 instead of DC whose power factor is 1.

Immunoglobulins

Immunoglobulin (Ig) or surface Immunoglobulin is the membrane-bound or soluble form of antibody. The special feature of surface Immunoglobulin is that, it contains trans membrane region which binds it to the membrane of B cell receptor. This then enables the B cells to identify and resist against harmful viruses itself.

T Cells

T cells which are also known as T Lymphocytes which play a vital role in cell-mediated immunity are a member of white blood cells. The T cell Receptor (TCR) distinguishes the T cells from other commonly known lymphocytes such as natural killer Cells and B cells. Thymus which is the special organ of the immune system is responsible for the growth and direction of T cells for their specified task. Some famous types of T cells are Helper, Cytotoxic, Memory and Regulatory.

Antibodies

The function of antibodies is very clear and famous in the living organisms. The first thing, without antibodies, the immune system is nothing and it means there is resistance in our body against the diseases caused by harmful bacteria and viruses. An antibody is nothing but a protein of Y-shape which is secreted from B cells. There is no trans membrane region available in antibodies which enable them to float into the blood stream and body cavities.

Antigens

Antigens are also an important part of our immune system which recognizes the number of required antibodies in our immune system. An antigen is also a protein based substance which is responsible for the formation of one or more antibodies by entering your body.

Immunoglobulins vs T Cells vs Antibodies vs Antigens

The separate functions of antibodies, antigens and T cells are crystal clear in front of many people. We can shortly define all these terms as an antibody is the substance which is responsible for identification and neutralization of harmful bacteria and viruses. However, an antigen is responsible for the production of antibodies instead of T cells which destroy infected cells in the human body. However, the difference between Immunoglobulin and antibody is that, Immunoglobulin is also a type of antibody but with trans membrane region which is not available in antibodies.

Aquaphor

Aquaphor is a petroleum jelly based product by Beiersdorf AG (A German based company famous for its personal care products) and recognized by its brand name Eucerin. It is frequently used as an ointment for minor skin problems like burns, dryness, cuts and cracks. There are two types of Aquaphor. One is called Healing Ointment and other is famous as Original Ointment. The common ingredients in both types are ceresin and mineral oil, but in Healing Ointment glycerin and Panthenol are additional ingredients.

Vaseline

Vaseline is also a petroleum jelly based product which is the brand name by Unilever (Anglo-Dutch Company). There is a long list of products named under Vaseline which are lotions, skin creams, plain petroleum jelly, cleanser and soaps. It is also used for skin burns and minor cuts. Moreover, the use of Vaseline as a moisture insulator to recover skin dehydration is not gnorable.

Petroleum Jelly

Petroleum Jelly is the mixture of non-polar hydrocarbons which is famous for its healing effects and healthy effects on human skin. It is widely used as an essential ingredient in world-famous cosmetics and skin care products like Aquaphor and Vaseline. The use of Petroleum Jelly can also be seen as a moisturizing agent, personal lubricant and chopsticks.

Aquaphor vs Vaseline vs Petroleum Jelly

The use of Aquaphor and Vaseline as Healing Ointment and body lotion is just based on the characteristic of Petroleum Jelly. As petroleum jelly is semi-solid product which is famous since last century as an ointment, so Aquaphor and Vaseline are the names of commercial products and brands having petroleum jelly as an essential ingredient. The difference is only that, in Aquaphor the percentage of petroleum jelly is 41% in contrast to Vaseline which is 100 % petroleum jelly. Moreover, the essential parts of Aquaphorwhich are lanolin and glycerin are not the part of Vaseline.

Watertight

We call anything water tight or you can say we make anything water by enclosing it in closely fitted or properly sealed packing material so that water could not reach up to the thing that we want to keep safe from water. In other sense, water tight body could also be such that which would be already full of water and from which we do not want to leak out any drop of water.

Water Repellent

Water repellency is the property of any material that allows it to keep away or resist water and does not allow the water to penetrate into body from its surface for longer time. However, there is a certain limit of every water repellent material beyond that normally depends upon quantity of water trying to be entering into the body. When the limit exceeded, water repellent tendency of material diminishes.

Waterproof

Waterproof is also tendency of material that keeps the water away from body or you can say does not allow water to enter into the material on permanent basis. Waterproof tendency could be natural as well as could be generated within the materials artificially.

Water Resistant

Water resistant is synonymous word for waterproof and used in the similar meanings.

Watertight vs Water Repellent vs Waterproof vs Water Resistant

Water tight is entirely different property of material from other mentioned properties which are water repellent and water proof or water resistant. We make anything watertight by providing some sealing material around it. However, water repellency and water proofing are the properties of materials itself that keep the water away from them. The difference is only that, in case of water repellency there is certain limit of material to repel water and afterwards its tendency become loses. On the other hand, water proof or water resistant is the property of material that keep it safe from water on permanent basis.

LPG

LPG or Liquefied Petroleum Gas is mixture of hydrocarbon gases that are flammable. These hydrocarbon gases that collectively called LPG are mainly butane and propane with little bit other flammable chemicals. As, LPG is prepared by proper mixing and blending of these gases in fixed proportion, so it is heavier than air. Today, LPG is frequently used as an alternative to natural gas in various ways like for cooking, for motor fuel, for refrigeration etc.

CNG

CNG or Compressed Natural Gas is nothing different than ordinary natural gas; it is just compressed form of natural gas and consists of methane. Today, use of CNG as vehicle fuel has been increased very rapidly due to day-by-day increasing prices of gasoline. Even it is stored at very high pressure in cylinders, but it still not converted into liquid form.

LPG

LNG or Liquefied Natural Gas is also composed of methane molecules as it is natural gas. However, it is available in liquid form that make it easy to store and transport from place to another. To convert the natural gas in liquid form, all foreign materials in it like dust, water, helium, and hydrocarbon are removed that make the volume of liquid natural gas very low as compared to gaseous form. We can store 4 times more natural gas in same capacity cylinder than natural gas in gaseous form.

LPG vs CNG vs LNG

There is no any difference between CNG and LNG gases composition wise, as both are composed of methane molecules and called natural gas. However, CNG is compressed form of natural gas under high pressure and remain in gaseous form unlike LNG that is compressed form of natural gas at low temperature and available in liquid form. On the other hand, LPG is different from LNG and CNG with respect to composition, as it mixture of propane and butane and its major use is for cooking unlike CNG and LNG that are mainly used as vehicle fuels.

Hydrology

Hydrology is a vast field of science that deals with water sources, resources, availability of water through its proper movement and distribution. In numerous sub-braches of hydrology, Surface hydrology, Hydrometeorology, Drainage basin management and Isotope hydrology are very important. The overall objects of this branch of scientific study is managing agricultural productivity through designing irrigation and drainage system as well as providing fresh drinking water.

Hydraulics

We all know that liquid is a form of matter and has some mechanical and chemical properties. Now the branch of science that discusses mechanical properties of liquids is called hydraulics. Hydraulics is the branch of science that is discussed both in engineering and applied science just to solve the matters of power generation through turbines and pumps by using power of pressurized liquids.

Pneumatic

Today, use of pneumatic pressure has become common in every industry. The reason is that, it is not feasible to use water everywhere, if we want the movement of some part of machine without using electric motors directly. Here the only solution is to create pressure by compressed air or gases and such pressure is called pneumatic pressure. So, pneumatics is that branch of science and technology that deals with all matters that are required to generate pressure via compressed gases or air.

Hydrology vs Hydraulics vs Pneumatic

Hydrology is the entirely different branch of science than other two closely related technology-oriented subjects called hydraulics and pneumatics. Hydrology is simply the study of complete water cycle, its distribution, availability for irrigation and drainage etc. In fact, both hydraulics and pneumatic are the branches of technology that guide us about the technical aspects that we face to move the objects via pressure of fluids. In case of hydraulics, we discuss force of pressured water that has ability to move the objects for power generation. However, in case of pneumatics, we study the properties of air and gases that under pressure have ability to produce power by moving the parts of engines or turbines.

Watt

In SI system (International System of Units), Watt is the measuring unit of power. It is derived unit. We can define watt as, when one Newton force is applied on an object for one second and the object covers the distance of one meter, the energy used or power consumed to do this called 1 watt. Usually, we measure power of electric machines in watt. KW (Kilo Watt) is more precise, frequently used and larger unit of watt. You can say that 1 KW=1000 Watt.

BHP

BHP or Brake Horse Power is another unit of measuring power for crankshafts of vehicles. In fact, there is no any vast difference between Brake Horse Power and simply Horse Power. Today, vehicle manufacturers are used BHP unit to mention the pure power of vehicle crank shaft that is required to run the inlet and outlet cycles of engine and ultimately vehicle.

Horse Power

Horse power is the measurement of work done executed by any electrical or mechanical device. This is called power of that device and measured in horse power. For mechanical machines, horse power is different than for electrical appliances. For electrical devices, 1 HP = 746 Watt. For mechanical works, I Hp = 550 ft-lb/s.

Torque

Torque is the capacity of force that is required to move an object about an axis. The equal that defines the Torque mathematically is T = r x F. it means, when a force is applied on a body to rotate it about a pivot and the object covers the distance of 1 meter, then the tendency of applied force is one Torque.

Watt vs BHP vs Horsepower vs Torque

All these units i.e. Watts, Bhp, Horsepower and Torque are the measuring units of power, but applied in different ways. Watt is commonly used to measure the power of electric devices. Similarly, BHP is used to measure the power of vehicle crank shaft. Horsepower is wider unit if power measurement and is applied both mechanically and electrically. On the other hand, torque is the unit of power that used to measure applied force required to rotate an object about an axis.